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The Governance Gap in the Age of Urban AI

Cities are becoming intelligent at an unprecedented pace

Traffic lights adapt to real-time flows. Mobility platforms anticipate congestion. Predictive models flag risk before it fully materialises. Urban dashboards make visible levels of complexity that, until recently, remained hidden. Artificial intelligence is no longer an experimental layer added to infrastructure — it is increasingly embedded within it.

And yet, as everything accelerates, a quieter question persists: who governs this intelligence?

The challenge today is not access to technology. It is the institutional capacity to use it wisely. As digital systems multiply, the ability to coordinate them and ensure they work together does not expand at the same rate. This is where the governance gap of the AI-driven city begins: the distance between what is technically possible and what is realistically governable.

Public programmes encourage experimentation. Vendors introduce ever more sophisticated tools. Political agendas reward visible digital transformation. Sensors, platforms and predictive models accumulate. Each initiative makes sense on its own. But without a shared direction, cities risk building layers of technology that do not fully connect.

Technology evolves in months. Governance, more often than not, in years.

When digital systems grow faster than the structures meant to coordinate them, complexity rises. Data flows expand. Accountability becomes blurred. Insights are produced, yet they do not always shape decisions. The city may appear smarter, but not necessarily more capable of acting with clarity.

Data governance is still too often reduced to compliance or cybersecurity. In reality, it is about ownership, accountability, interoperability and purpose. It is about deciding who can access data, under what conditions, and how it informs action. Without governance, AI remains technical sophistication. With governance, it becomes institutional capacity.

The governance gap does not stem from technological failure, but from technological success. The more powerful systems become, the more coordination they demand. Every new sensor, predictive model or connected platform increases interdependence across the urban system. Complexity grows. If governance does not evolve alongside it, cities accumulate a form of urban technological debt — digital infrastructures that require continuous integration without delivering proportional value.

When predictive models are disconnected from urban planning, when platforms are not embedded in operational workflows, when responsibility for algorithmic outcomes is unclear, AI loses part of its transformative potential.

In this context, data governance increasingly resembles a new kind of infrastructure. It may not be visible like a road or a bridge, but it is just as essential. It keeps systems aligned, makes decisions traceable, and helps ensure innovation strengthens resilience rather than undermines it.

A smart city is not defined by how much data it collects, but by how clearly it governs it.

In an urban ecosystem increasingly driven by data, competitive advantage belongs not to those who generate more information, but to those who can orchestrate intelligence in a coherent, accountable and measurable way over time.

OCTO Interview – Louwrens Appelcryn – Head of Product per Mobility & OEM

1. From your perspective, what are the main product challenges today in developing solutions for the Mobility & OEM ecosystem, within an increasingly data-driven and global context?

In 2026, the mobility and OEM ecosystem is awash in vehicle telemetry and behavioural data, but converting that data into scalable, profitable products remains difficult due to structural, regulatory, and technical constraints. The core challenge has shifted from vehicle connectivity to data availability for new products and services, resolving data ownership, interoperability and the economic viability of AI-driven features.

Data availability to replace the use of aftermarket devices as a data source continue to be a significant challenge to allow value added telematics services continue to be critical limiting factor improving the value of connected ecosystem. Although some leading OEMs are starting to drive

Data ownership and privacy are major product bottlenecks. It remains unclear who owns vehicle data—OEMs, fleet operators, drivers, or third parties—creating conflicts that slow product development. Fleet operators often see data as a competitive asset, while OEMs license it externally. Regulatory frameworks like GDPR further limit AI use cases, forcing companies to balance innovation against compliance risk. Despite industry rhetoric around open data ecosystems and “data fusion,” many customers—especially in government and law enforcement—resist data sharing, limiting adoption of products that depend on broad ecosystem participation. As a result, vehicle data remains siloed across stakeholders.

Software-defined vehicles and EVs introduce new complexity, and EV repair and maintenance are more expensive and slower due to vertical integration, parts shortages, and technician scarcity, requiring new approaches in claims and service management products. AI remains central to mobility strategies, but its ROI is uncertain: high data volumes, bias management, and the need for costly human-labelled data make AI features expensive to build and scale.

Overall, while data-rich vehicles promise transformative mobility products, unresolved data governance, limited data packages limiting AI economics, and infrastructure costs continue to limit scalability and profitability across the ecosystem to realize the full value and benefits to all of the ecosystem partners and players.

2.How does OCTO support OEMs and mobility operators in transforming connected vehicle data into actionable insights that improve products, services and the end-user experience?

OCTO transforms large-scale connected vehicle data into actionable insights for OEMs, insurers, and mobility operators by leveraging one of the world’s largest driving data repositories. Using a device-agnostic IoT platform, OCTO ingests real-time telemetry from factory-installed systems, smartphones, and aftermarket devices, enabling seamless integration across diverse hardware environments.

At the core of this capability is the OCTO Cloud Platform, a modular, multi-vehicle architecture that processes data from edge to cloud. The platform normalizes high-frequency telemetry across vehicle types, enriches it with contextual data such as weather, traffic, and road conditions, and applies machine learning models to generate operational insights, driver behavioural scoring, ability to detect and validate crash data with action and deliver unique fleet services and insights to improve overall TCO.

These insights are operationalized through several key product capabilities. OCTO’s DriveAbility® scoring system predicts driver risk based on behavioural patterns rather than mileage, supporting accurate pricing, portfolio segmentation, and fleet performance analysis. For fleets, lifecycle “scorecards” provide data-backed proof of vehicle condition, improving asset management and resale value.

OCTO also enables automated crash and claims management by acting as a “virtual witness.” Telematics data is used to reconstruct accidents, trigger automated First Notification of Loss (FNOL) within minutes, and support fraud detection through objective validation of claims.

Beyond risk and claims, the platform supports vehicle health monitoring through remote diagnostics and proactive asset protection, including AI-driven theft detection. For drivers, OCTO’s Digital Driver™ solution converts telemetry into personalized feedback, safety services, and coaching tools that promote safer driving behaviour.

Strategically, OCTO strengthens its ecosystem impact through direct OEM integrations, such as its partnership with Mobilisights/Stellantis, allowing access to native vehicle data across multiple brands. This shift toward embedded data strategies enhances scalability, improves data quality, and creates a continuous loop of product and service innovation across the mobility value chain.

3. What role do Artificial Intelligence and data intelligence play today in the development of OCTO’s mobility products, and how are they changing the way OEMs design and deliver their services?

OCTO has placed AI and advanced data intelligence at the center of its mobility solutions, enabling a shift from traditional, reactive telematics to predictive, software-driven services. By combining machine learning with IoT data from millions of connected vehicles, OCTO helps OEMs and mobility operators transition from static, hardware-focused models to proactive, service-oriented offerings.

At the platform level, OCTO’s device-agnostic cloud infrastructure ingests and normalizes billions of data points daily from factory-installed systems, third-party devices, and smartphones. AI models analyze this data to detect patterns that support dynamic, condition-based decision-making rather than scheduled or retrospective interventions—what OCTO defines as the “third era of telematics.”

A major application of this intelligence is predictive maintenance and vehicle health management. AI analyzes telemetry such as fault codes and vibration anomalies to anticipate component failures before breakdowns occur, reducing downtime, warranty costs, and service disruption. Continuous monitoring also feeds into vehicle “Scorecards,” digital records of usage and condition that preserve residual value and improve transparency across the vehicle lifecycle.

In risk profiling and safety, OCTO uses its extensive driving data to move beyond demographic-based assessments toward real-time, behaviour-driven risk scoring. The DriveAbility® Score enables precise portfolio segmentation and supports usage-based insurance models. AI-driven safety solutions also include predictive anti-theft systems and automated crash detection and reconstruction, significantly accelerating claims processing and fraud prevention.

OCTO further applies AI to personalize the driver experience through solutions like Digital Driver. These tools provide individualized coaching, gamified rewards for safe driving, and contextual trip insights, strengthening engagement, safety, and customer loyalty.

Finally, OCTO enhances its AI accuracy through strategic data partnerships, with strategic OEM partnerships developing and giving access to embedded vehicle data across multiple brands. This deep OEM integration improves predictive accuracy, strengthens risk prevention, and reinforces a continuous loop of data-driven product and service innovation across the mobility ecosystem.

4. Working from London, what are the main differences you observe between the UK and Italian mobility markets, particularly in terms of approach to innovation, data and business models?

The UK and Italian mobility markets represent contrasting stages of evolution shaped by different regulatory approaches, technology legacies, and consumer attitudes toward data. Italy is Europe’s most mature telematics market, while the UK is a fast-growing challenger driven by software-led innovation.

Italy has one of the highest telematics penetration rates globally, largely built on professionally installed black-box hardware initially adopted to combat vehicle theft. This maturity has slowed growth, shifting market focus from acquisition to retention. Italian regulation emphasizes data portability and competition, requiring insurers to make driving data transferable to reduce customer lock-in. Culturally, Italian consumers have been more willing to share vehicle data, viewing it as a trade-off for security and theft recovery. In mobility services, Italy follows a public-sector–led MaaS model, with centralized coordination and standardized integration across cities like Rome and Milan. Operationally, Italy has often served as a growth-focused market where scale is prioritized over short-term profitability.

The United Kingdom, by contrast, is characterized by rapid growth and technological flexibility. Telematics penetration is slightly lower but expanding quickly, driven by usage-based insurance, smartphone-based data collection, and app-first models favoured by younger consumers. Regulation under the Financial Conduct Authority actively pushes innovation and transparency through Consumer Duty and Fair Value requirements, encouraging data-driven pricing and new vehicle risk classifications. UK consumers are more cautious about data sharing, requiring clear financial value to drive adoption. MaaS in the UK is market-led and private-sector driven, resulting in faster innovation but greater fragmentation. Businesses tend to operate with a strong focus on unit economics and profitability, especially in dense urban hubs like London.

Strategically, solutions providers such as OCTO must adopt a dual approach: leveraging established hardware infrastructure and public partnerships in Italy, while focusing on agile, software-defined, and consumer-centric solutions to compete in the UK’s fast-moving, value-driven market.

Seoul as a Data-Driven Mobility Lab

Traffic management, prediction and real-time operations

When it comes to smart cities, it is impossible not to mention Seoul, which stands out as one of the most emblematic examples of maturity. The South Korean capital does not use technology to “appear smart”, but to effectively govern one of the densest and most complex metropolitan areas in the world. With just under 10 million inhabitants and extremely intense mobility flows, Seoul has turned mobility data into a true urban infrastructure, capable of supporting real-time decision-making and long-term strategies.

This vision is part of a broader framework. The city has developed a comprehensive Smart City & Digitization Master Plan, guiding its urban digital transformation through a human-centric approach focused on quality of life, sustainability and the responsible use of data. Within this framework, mobility is not an isolated project, but one of the core pillars of the overall smart city strategy.

In Seoul, traffic is not treated as a collection of local issues, but as a dynamic and interconnected system. The city continuously collects data from roads, public transport, taxis, urban sensors, events and weather conditions, building an integrated view of mobility flows. This approach makes it possible to move beyond a purely reactive logic — intervening only once congestion has already formed — and shift towards predictive management, based on pattern analysis and the anticipation of critical situations.

At the heart of this ecosystem is TOPIS, the Transport Operation and Information Service, a central platform that aggregates and analyses mobility data in real time. TOPIS enables constant monitoring of urban traffic, coordination of traffic lights, buses and metro services, rapid management of incidents and anomalies, and effective support for operational decisions made by city authorities. The real innovation lies not in individual sensors, but in the ability to turn heterogeneous data into concrete actions within seconds.

One of the most advanced aspects of Seoul’s model is the use of artificial intelligence to predict congestion and critical issues before they occur. Thanks to predictive models, the city can anticipate traffic peaks, adapt flows during major events and respond proactively to adverse weather conditions. This significantly reduces the impact of emergencies and makes urban mobility more resilient and continuous, even in highly complex scenarios.

The value of the Seoul case does not lie solely in the technological level achieved, but in its replicability. The city demonstrates that smart mobility does not necessarily require new physical infrastructure, but rather integrated data platforms, public-private collaboration, clear and impact-oriented governance, and the strategic use of data that is already available. This approach can also inspire European cities facing similar challenges in terms of traffic, sustainability and safety.

Seoul clearly shows that the mobility of the future will not only be connected, but predictive, integrated and data driven. When data becomes infrastructure, traffic flows more smoothly, decisions become more effective and cities become more liveable. A model that confirms that a truly smart city is not the one with the most technology, but the one that uses data more intelligently to improve everyday life.

OEMs and Natively Connected Vehicles: When Connectivity Is Built in at the Factory

In recent years, the concept of the connected car has moved beyond being a technological add-on to become a structural feature of the vehicle itself. An increasing number of OEMs are designing natively connected vehicles, integrating connectivity directly at the manufacturing stage, without the need for aftermarket devices or additional solutions.

The concept of native connectivity is reshaping the way vehicles are designed and, as a result, redefining the relationship between mobility, digital services and safety.

A vehicle is considered natively connected when connectivity is embedded from the earliest design and production phases. These vehicles are equipped with communication modules (SIM or eSIM), a proprietary software platform and the ability to generate and transmit data continuously and in a structured manner. In this model, digital services are an integral part of the vehicle from the moment it enters service, including features such as diagnostics, over-the-air software updates and advanced safety and infotainment systems. Connectivity therefore becomes a foundational component of the vehicle architecture, rather than an optional feature.

The decision by OEMs to invest in natively connected vehicles reflects a long-term industrial vision. Integrating connectivity at the factory level allows manufacturers to retain direct control over vehicle data, transforming it into a strategic asset.

This approach enables new business models based on digital services, subscriptions and features that can be activated over time, while simultaneously improving the end-user experience through increasingly personalized and updatable interfaces. From an operational perspective, native connectivity supports predictive maintenance, enhances safety levels and facilitates compliance with regulatory requirements such as eCall and the ongoing evolution of ADAS systems.

Examples of OEMs Enabling Natively Connected Vehicles

Tesla
Tesla represents one of the most advanced models of natively connected vehicles. Its cars are designed according to a strongly software-centric approach, with continuous over-the-air updates that enable and enhance features related to driver assistance, infotainment and vehicle management over time.

BMW
BMW has developed a structured digital ecosystem through its ConnectedDrive platform, integrating connectivity services, intelligent navigation and vehicle diagnostics. Connectivity is a core element of the driving experience and allows vehicle functions to evolve even after purchase.

Mercedes-Benz
Mercedes-Benz is investing in a proprietary software platform, MB.OS, designed to integrate connectivity, infotainment and ADAS into a single digital environment. The goal is to deliver premium digital services that are increasingly personalized and continuously updatable.

Volkswagen Group
The Volkswagen Group is working on a shared software infrastructure across its brands, with the aim of enabling natively connected vehicles that can be updated throughout their lifecycle. Connectivity is viewed as a strategic lever for the evolution of digital services and mobility solutions.

Stellantis
Stellantis has adopted a software-defined vehicle approach, integrating connectivity and digital services at a global scale. This model supports the development of solutions dedicated to fleets, insurance and shared mobility, positioning data as a central asset.

Impacts on Insurance, Fleets and Mobility

Natively connected vehicles represent a paradigm shift for the entire mobility ecosystem. In the insurance sector, the availability of reliable and continuous data enables usage-based pricing models and increasingly data-driven claims management processes.

For fleets and rental operators, connectivity allows advanced vehicle monitoring, reduced operating costs and tangible improvements in safety. At the same time, it enables integration with smart mobility solutions and MaaS services, contributing to a more efficient and sustainable mobility ecosystem.

In this context, data quality, reliability and governance become critical factors. The growing availability of vehicle-generated data does not automatically translate into value: transforming raw data into actionable insights requires technological expertise, advanced analytics capabilities and consolidated operating models.

As natively connected vehicles become more widespread, the role of OEMs evolves but does not diminish. The increasing complexity of data flows and the need to integrate them into heterogeneous ecosystems make collaboration with telematics service providers and specialized technology partners increasingly central, ensuring neutrality, interoperability and service continuity. OEMs remain key players in vehicle design and governance, while telematics service providers play a complementary and critical role in enabling advanced data analytics, integration with insurers, fleets and mobility operators, and the development of scalable, AI-driven services.

From this perspective, native connectivity represents only the first step in a broader evolution toward vehicles that are increasingly intelligent, autonomous and integrated, where value is generated by the ability to transform data into concrete mobility solutions.

Natively connected vehicles are not a passing trend, but the new normal of the automotive industry. In this scenario, collaboration between OEMs and specialized technology partners becomes a key enabler in reshaping the entire mobility value chain, paving the way for a safer, more efficient and truly data-driven future, built on cooperation between the automotive industry and technology partners.

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